Contracts Cases, Discussion, and Problems essay

Contracts Cases, Discussion, and Problems essay Contracts: Cases, Discussion, and Problems essay Contracts: Cases, Discussion, and Problems essayThe Amours were planning to celebrate their 50th wedding anniversary and contracted Jacque LeChef, a well-known chef. The value of catering estimated by this chef was $20,000, and the Amours paid a deposit of $3,500 (15%). They also invested $2,000 into printing wedding invitations with LeChefs name there. However, LeChef breached the contract with the Amours in favor of a celebrity wedding. So the Amours contracted Paulette Gourmande, another famous chef. She charged $26,000. The Amours also had to reprint the invitations for another $2,000. The key question is the amount of remedies to the Amours in the case if the court awarded restitution, reliance or lost expectation.RuleThe considered three types of judicial remedies are defined as follows. Judicial remedies under the rules stated in this Restatement serve to protect one or more of the following interests of a promisee: a) his expectation interest, which is his interest in having the benefit of his bargain by being put in as good a position as he would have been in had the contract been performed;b) his reliance interest, which is his interest in being reimbursed for loss caused by reliance on the contract by being put in as good a position as he would have been in had the contract not been made,c) his restitution interest, which is his interest in having restored to him any benefit that he has conferred on the other party (Blum and Bushaw, 2012, p.799).Rule ExplanationIt is possible to explain the judicial remedies in the following way. Expectation damages are intended to compensate the innocent partys benefit of the bargain that would have been reached if the contract had been performed (for example, to compensate for the loss of future income). Contrastingly, the reliance interest is the reimbursement for the partys losses caused by contract reliance (compared with the position when the contract never existed), while restitution interest is the reimbursem ent of any benefits of the innocent party conferred on the other party.Analysis/applicationIn the Amours case, if the court awarded expectation damages, the value of reimbursement would be calculated as follows. The court would estimate the expected value of benefit (satisfaction) expected by the Amours and reimburse this value to the family. However, it is quite difficult to determine the value of expected benefits in this case.If the court decided on reliance interest, then only the extra funds spent by the Amours would be returned, i.e $3,500 of installment to Jacque LeChef and $2,000 spent on reprinting the invitations. According to courts decision, the value of $6,000 difference between LeChefs and Gourmandes price quotes might also be included into reliance damages (e.g. if Gourmande charged extra $6,000 for urgency).In the case of restitution interest, it is also difficult to determine the amount of reimbursement. In this case, it is determined how much the breaching party ga ined from the violation of contract. To determine this value, it would be necessary to estimate LeChefs benefit from breaching the contract.ConclusionIn the considered case, expectation damages would be determined as the value of benefits expected by the Amours from having LeChef cater their wedding, reliance damages would include installment payment, the value of reprinting the invitations and, with some probability, the difference in the cost of catering between LeChef and Gourmande. For restitution, the value would equal to the amount of benefit gained by LeChef due to violating the contract. The most appropriate solution in this case is using reliance interest, since it allows to determine the value of reimbursement on a factual basis.

Qu hacer si terminan visa J-1 antes de tiempo

Qu hacer si terminan visa J-1 antes de tiempo Las visas J-1 de intercambio son utilizadas para participar en Estados Unidos en programas de intercambio. Pero,  ¿quà © hacer si termina antes de tiempo? Razones por las que el programa puede finalizar antes de lo previsto Por motivos muy diversos, de mutuo acuerdo entre el visitante con la visa y la organizacià ³n de acogida o, ms probablemente, porque una de las dos partes no està © contenta. Si es la organizacià ³n (o familia) de acogida puede ser porque consideren que el visitante no cumple con las expectativas o no reà ºne algà ºn requisito que daban por hecho. En este caso pueden despedirle (correrle). Por su lado, el visitante tampoco est obligado a quedarse si est descontento, por la razà ³n que sea. No importa quien toma la decisià ³n de ponerle fin al programa de intercambio, si el visitante o la organizacià ³n de acogida (o familia). Lo que es fundamental es entender quà © puede pasar y quà © pasos a tomar.  ¿Cul es el primer paso a seguir ante el evento de una terminacià ³n temprana? Inmediatamente hay que ponerse en contacto con la organizacià ³n que patrocinà ³ la visa (visa sponsor). Ahà ­ se analizarn las causas de la situacià ³n y se ver si es posible  acabar el programa con cambios en el lugar de trabajo. Si esta posibilidad no se da, entonces hay que salir de Estados Unidos inmediatamente. Pero, en realidad,  ¿de cuntos dà ­as estamos hablando para abandonar el paà ­s? La ley no lo especifica. Pero se viene a entender el tiempo estrictamente necesario para comprar boleto y cerrar esa experiencia en Estados Unidos. Por ejemplo, ponerle fin a cualquier contrato que pueda existir dependiendo del programa, como el del telà ©fono, vivienda, etc. Es muy aconsejable preguntar por la opinià ³n al visa sponsor y seguir sus recomendaciones por el lado conservador. Si se estima que no has dejado Estados Unidos inmediatamente puede verse negativamente afectada tu posibilidad de regresar al paà ­s. NOTA: por favor, no confundir con el periodo de gracia de 30 dà ­as del que se puede disfrutar cuando se acaba un programa de intercambio con una visa J-1. Aquà ­ no estamos hablando de un programa que ha finalizado con à ©xito en su tiempo natural. Estamos hablando de una terminacià ³n anticipada porque una de las dos partes (la organizacià ³n o el extranjero con la visa) no est satisfecho. Por lo tanto, las consecuencias son distintas.  ¿Se puede regresar a Estados Unidos si se ha terminado el programa anticipadamente? El visa sponsor tiene que actualizar la situacià ³n legal del extranjero con la visa de intercambio cuyo programa ha finalizado. Y lo hace cambiando el estatus en el SEVIS. Pueden suceder dos cosas: Si se notifica un end program for exchange visitor y se sale a tiempo lo ms probable es que no haya consecuencias negativas.Pero se puede notificar un terminate exchange visitor. Eso suele darse à ºnicamente en casos graves como trabajar en un lugar no autorizado, cometer un delito o falta, tomar drogas, no tener al dà ­a los pagos del seguro mà ©dico, etc. En este à ºltimo caso es muy probable que se tenga en cuenta a la hora de determinar si se puede obtener otra visa en el futuro, tanto de esa categorà ­a como de otra. Quià ©nes suelen utilizar este tipo de visas Las J-1 son vlidas para un amplio abanico de programas como, por ejemplo  el de mà ©dicos, como por ejemplo, para realizar los estudios de residencia en Estados Unidos o el de maestros,   nià ±eras (au pair)  o para jà ³venes recià ©n egresados  el  programa  de prcticas universitarias.   Hay muchos ms y conviene familiarizarse con ellos y solicitar admisià ³n en el que ms se ajuste al perfil y a las necesidades del solicitante. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Six Sigma Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Six Sigma Implementation - Essay Example A Six Sigma opportunity is then the total quantity of chances for a defect. Process sigma can easily be calculated using a Six Sigma calculator. According to the Six Sigma Academy, Black Belts save companies approximately $230,000 per project and can complete four to 6 projects per year. General Electric, one of the most successful companies implementing Six Sigma, has estimated benefits on the order of $10 billion during the first five years of implementation. GE first began Six Sigma in 1995 after Motorola and Allied Signal blazed the Six Sigma trail. Since then, thousands of companies around the world have discovered the far reaching benefits of Six Sigma. There are two Six Sigma sub-methodologies commonly in use: DMAIC and DMADV. The Six Sigma DMAIC process (define, measure, analyze, improve, control) is an improvement system for existing processes falling below specification and looking for incremental improvement. The Six Sigma DMADV process (define, measure, analyze, design, verify) is an improvement system used to develop new processes or products at Six Sigma quality levels. It can also be employed if a current process requires more than just incremental improvement. ... The Core Team defines and reviews Six Sigma projects progress, and acts as the political leader, removing the barriers for the project teams. The Master Black Belt acts as a technical coach and provides the knowledge of quality tools for the project team. There is typically one Master Black Belt for every 1,000 employees. The Black Belt controls the project. There are typically 10 to 20 Black Belts per 1,000 employees. The Green Belt supports Black Belt. There are typically 3 to 5 Green Belts on the Project Team with the Black Belt. There are typically 300 Green Belts per 1,000 employees. Yellow Belts are the balance of your population. They provide information and support to the Six Sigma project teams, and are a source for future Green Belts. The MAIC discipline sets up a clear protocol to expedite internal communication. The incentive system facilitates Six Sigma projects to generate results. Situation: Need for Implementation of Six Sigma By 2001, the US-based General Electric Company (GE) was easily the largest diversified company in the world, with revenues of $ 125.91 billion and net earnings of $ 13.68 billion. Out of the company's 24 different businesses, some were so large that they could independently feature in the Fortune 500 list of companies. GE had operations in over 100 countries more than 250 manufacturing plants in 26 countries. The company was one of the largest employers in the world with strength of around 275,000 employees. GE remained the only company listed in the Dow Jones Industrial Index that had been included in the original index in 1896. The aim of implementing Six Sigma at GE was to infuse quality in

Modern mosque Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Modern mosque - Essay Example From the Muslim point of view, a divine Mosques must have various specific pertinent features, they include; features that indicates direction directions of the Qible, which in most cases may also be referred as the Mecca. This indication is usually referred as the Mihrab and should have a specific type of roof according to the requirements of the Islam religion (Wood, 7). The first Mosque that was constructed in Turkey was the Mecca; this was a term used to describe the area that surrounded the Ka’ba. In the Muslim Religion, Ka’ba was considered the holiest shrine in the land. The model by which the early Mosques were developed, took the dimensions of Muhammad’s house, which was located in Madina. The direction with which the Qibla at this time was believed be oriented towards Jerusalem. Moreover, on the left side of the early Qiblas, there were three houses for Muhammad’s wives with three different entries that led to the courtyard, an area where most prayers were held during this time. In approximately 1500 years, the direction of the Qibla was changed so that it could face the orientation of the Mecca. The Madina Mosques had various important functions in the early Muslim society; it accommodated social functions, religious as well as political functions. Judicial roles were also undertaken in the early Mosques; the Muhammad and their families members were also accommodated in the early Mosques. In the early period, rules guiding prayers were not shaped to a specific standard owing to the fact that the prescriptions that are in the Koran developed on a gradual basis from time to time. Evidence has also shown that apart from the Mosques of Madina and Mecca, there existed some other dimensions of Mosques in other parts of the World. Owing to rapid technological advancement in the early period, Mosques began growing rapidly in their complexities as well as their appearances. They assumed

Php Login Script with Remember Me Feature Essay Example for Free

Php Login Script with Remember Me Feature Essay I wanted to include the popular Remember Me feature seen on a lot of websites that basically keeps users logged into the website, even after theyve closed the browser so that the next time they come, they wont have to login again manually. I found this tutorial Creating a PHP Login Script to be very helpful in writing this script, in fact, a lot of the code presented here is very similar to the code presented in that tutorial. The differences are seen with the new Remember Me feature, the use of cookies in addition to sessions, and with slight modifications in the design. Goals The ultimate goal is to create a PHP login script with the capability of remembering logged-in users. I also hope this tutorial will serve as a way to introduce people to user sessions and cookies in PHP. Notes Although this tutorial uses a MySQL database for storing user information, it has been written so that the data accessing code is separated from the main code through specific functions, so it would be easy to instead use a flat file database system, simply by changing the code in those specific functions, without messing with the rest. This tutorial uses the latest and greatest of PHP 4, which means super globals are used, such as $_POST, $_SESSION, etc.. This tutorial will aim to teach you about sessions and cookies through example, however if you need to know more information, go to the official website . Database For those of you planning on using a flat file system, you can skip this section. For the rest of us, we want to create a MySQL database table that holds user information, here it is: CREATE TABLE users ( sername varchar(30), password varchar(32)); Of course this table can be modified according to your needs, however the password field must not be less than 32 because it has to store the md5 encrypted versions of passwords which are 32 bytes. database. php This file will contain the code that connects you to your MySQL database and the functions that access user information, you need to modify this to show your MySQL username, password and database. Allow Users to Sign-Up Before we can login users, we need users. Here we will focus on the code that allows users to sign-up, registering their username and password. register. php Registered! Thank you , your information has been added to the database, you may now log in. Registration Failed Were sorry, but an error has occurred and your registration for the username , could not be completed. Please try again at a later time. Registration Page Registration Page Register Login Username: Password: Remember me next time Join

Merchant & A Midsummer Nights :: English Literature Essays

Merchant & A Midsummer Nights A Product of Society? It is hard to determine whether or not Shakespearean comedy is clearly a product of Elizabethan courtly society. It can be said that the answer to that question is both yes and no. It is apparent in The Merchant of Venice that Shakespeare’s writing was strongly influenced by the society surrounding him while A Midsummer Nights Dream is much less realistic and so original that one might think he came from another time period all together. In The Merchant of Venice there are countless examples of how Shakespeare’s works were a product of society. One of the main similarities is religion. The official established state religion in Shakespeare’s time was the Church of England, lucidly Protestant. Everyone was required to attend an Anglican Service once a month. The Anglican service is also called Prayer Service, Prayer Book Service, Common Prayer, or the Lord’s Supper. Although it was not expressly illegal to be of a different religion, it was not exactly legal to practice the faith of ones choice. There were even fines for not conforming to the sanctioned religion; that is, for not going to Protestant services. (Nicoll, 76) Jewish people were quite rare in England during the Elizabethan time period and they seemed to be looked down upon the most (although it was not considered a lot better to be a Catholic). Shakespeare probably never knew a Jewish person directly, but during his time the Queen’s Jewish doctor was executed for being ‘a spy’. Also, during that time it would have been considered quite normal to force someone to convert to Christianity. Shakespeare’s Venice had the same mentality about Jewish people. Anti-Semitism was overwhelmingly abundant. Although Shylock was surely a respectable businessman, it did not seem out of the ordinary for Antonio to spit on him and call him a dog whenever it took his fancy. Shylock seems to be the only one who realizes the hypocrisy of the ‘good Christians’ and makes mention of it in his famed speech in Act III: SHYLOCK†¦ Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us do we not bleed? If you tickle us do we not laugh?

Lan Topologies

LAN Topologies IT240 10/14/12 1. Case Project 2-1 With a network of 50 computers I will use the Ring Topology to upgrade this network. With this type of topology all the devices are connecting in a loop form and the information travels in one direction, thus avoiding collisions. Here the cabling doesn’t terminate, it continually goes from one device to another till it gets back to the original device. It is also easier to manage the network since all the information is passed around the ring in the same direction. . Case project 2-2 With that many computer and four servers, I will use an Extended Star Topology. As pointed out in the case project that there are a few switches available here, I will use a central switch and connect the rest of the available switches to it and connect the 200 PC’s to those switches. Switches are good for determining each individual packet’s destination and ensuring that they are delivered to the right device.Note Even though they mi ght have two different uses in some cases, the hubs in my diagram represent the switches. 3. Case project 2-3 * Physical versus logical topology: A physical topology defines how the devices on a particular network are physically connected; logical on the contrast tells us how the systems on the physical topology communicate. * Bus Topology: In this topology all the devices are physical chained to one another through a single cabling system.This form of topology works better when the numbers of computers on the network are limited. * Star Topology: This is the form of topology where all devices connect to central unit through a hub, switch or even a router. One of the biggest advantages here is; in the event one of the devises failed, it does not bring the entire network down. * Ring Topology: In this form of topology all the devices are directly connected to the next existing device in a ring form.This kind of works like the bus topology, however, there is no termination here, as th e devices connect from one to another all the way back to the original device. * Ethernet and CSMA/CD: This is the type of technology networks use to sense if there is an ongoing transmission. In the event where there is one, the system goes into wait mode till the channel is free for it to begin its own transmission. This is one of the ways to avoid collision.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein tells the story of Victor’s ambition to successfully create a life through the use of science. In the present times, this is closely known as genetic engineering or cloning, wherein a scientist or a doctor dabbles in the works of creating a new life or transforming a life through science and technology. Shelley shows in her work that Victor had successfully created a being, however it stunned him, not in amazement but in hatred and fear of the misshapen creature he has created. The creature that Victor created was adultlike like in its physique but childlike in its mind. Its innocence became its downfall as it slowly learned, the hard way, that it is not a normal human being but a reject of the society because of its appearance. This led to its violent rampage destroying the things that it desires, belongingness in the society, and created an even more fearsome aura that caused people, even its creator, a deeper terror and horror in its existence. This shows that such inventions and discoveries does not necessarily mean success in the world of science as such creatures do not play a significant role in making the lives of people better. This indicates that science and technology has a great power in playing with fate and lives that people tend to question its ethics, morals and values. Shelley successfully presents in her work that science has to consider certain ethics and morals with its inventions, thinking about the purpose and result of the work in the world of humans. Ethics and morals are the basis of how humans live and think. The society strongly against inventions such as cloning and genetic engineering because of these values. Although the value life is a strong motive for dabbling into the arts of creating or transforming human life, the society thinks immoral of such actions because it makes the creator play with life, which in a religious or ethical sense, humans cannot play with. Shelley’s Frankenstein shows that playing with fate and life has its consequences. Something that is created from the pieces of humanity cannot be entirely human on its own. Rejection is always present in society, and it cannot be blamed on the people when a creature, as misshapen as Frankenstein roams the streets without full knowledge of what life is. The lesson the Shelley leaves her readers is the importance of considering how knowledge is to be used for humanity and to improve human life. Another impacting thought that Shelley leaves is the significance of proper teaching of the masters to their students. When Victor showed an uncanny interest in modern science, his teachers dismissed his curiousity without explaining to him why such fascination is dangerous and not worth paying attention to. Victor turned to modern science because of the limitations of alchemy. He combined his knowledge of aggripa, alchemy and the modern science to turn create a new life that he later rejected and loathed. Both the educators and the students have a responsibility in what they do and the results of their actions. Before any scientific invention and discovery is pursued, ethical considerations, moral responsibility and purpose is to be weighed. Educators and students should look at their works with purpose and not just because they wanted to create something new. They have to consider the results of such actions, and if it will result to something that is not beneficial for human life and will endanger the morals and values of the society, then it should be discouraged. Science and technology is something that is to be used to improve human life not destroy it.

Review of The Monkeys Paw Essays

Review of The Monkeys Paw Essays Review of The Monkeys Paw Essay Review of The Monkeys Paw Essay This story is set in a rural, out of the way area, with a family of three, elderly parents and a Son. The father and Son are chess players, with a good relationship. The father is a sneaky old character, as he tries to cheat at Chess. The Mother is a quiet lady, who knits as the pipe smoking me plays chess. She is typical of ladies of that era, and only works as a housekeeper, and knits for a hobby. She does what her husband tells her, and humours him when the son beats him at Chess. The Mum and son know the Dad cheats, and its their private joke. They are expecting a visitor, who turns out to be a Sergeant Major. The father knows him from a previous job. The Sergeant Major was only a young boy, who worked in a warehouse before he went to War. The family were curious about the soldiers experiences, particularly the old man. The old man acts as the host and gives the soldier some punch-thats whiskey and warm water. The Mum puts on supper. The old man is jealous because he never had the guts to leave the area, so he is very interested in what the soldier was saying. He then told them about some magic, a magic charm, which he had in his pocket. The old man was very interested, and wanted to hear everything, but the soldier was reluctant. The soldier threw the charm into the fire, but the old man got it back, it was a monkeys paw, a shrivelled old hairy thing. The soldier left, and the father eventually made one wish, He wasnt sure what he should wish for, but finally agreed that he should wish for 200. The Mum and Son made fun of him, as they felt it was all stupid. The following morning, they all had breakfast together, and the Son went off to work. Soon afterwards, a well-dressed stranger came to the house. He introduced himself as a representative of the Company, where their son worked. Instinctively the Mum knew her Son was hurt, but unfortunately the news was worse, a machine at work had mangled him. The Rep said the Company were not to blame, but they were giving the old couple 200, compensation. The old couple are in shock, although they have other children, this son is the only one at home, with them. This charm had brought such bad luck to this family. The old man felt he had killed his son. After the funeral, the awful truth set in, the old man had killed his son, and they would never see him again. They missed him greatly, and the Mum found it hard to sleep. One night the Mum remembered about the Paw and insisted that her husband would make another wish that the son would come back. Although the husband knows his wife is not thinking straight, and he is terrified, he makes the wish. Then they heard knocking on the door. He is panic-stricken. He tries to cover up, and tell his wife its a rat, but she insists it is the Son. In the dark he finds the Paw again, and makes the third wish, that this is not in fact his son. Finally the knocking stops, the wife opens the door and there is no one there. The ending is a Cliff Hanger. The magic charm, which appeared harmless had changed this family, had changed the atmosphere, and changed the family, although there was a great bond that was broken. There was a strong relationship between husband and wife, it was strained by the death of the son, and the wifes mental state became poor. The old man blamed himself and was afraid and worried.  The language used was expressive and descriptive. It was written pre 1900, and difficult to understand. The language has changed greatly since the story was written.

Humpty Dumptys Philosophy of Language

Humpty Dumptys Philosophy of Language In Chapter 6 of Through the Looking Glass Alice meets Humpty Dumpty, who she recognizes immediately since she knows about him from the nursery rhyme. Humpty is a bit irritable, but he turns out to have some thought-provoking notions about language, and philosophers of language have been quoting him ever since. Must a Name Have a Meaning? Humpty begins by asking Alice her name and her business:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘My name is Alice, but––‘  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘It’s a stupid name enough!’ Humpty Dumpty interrupted impatiently.   ‘What does it mean?’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘Must a name mean something?’ Alice asked doubtfully.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘Of course it must,’ Humpty Dumpty said with a short laugh: ‘my name means the shape I am–and a good handsome shape it is too.   With a name like yours, you might be any shape, almost.’ As in many other respects, the looking glass world, at least as described by Humpty Dumpty, is the inverse of Alice’s everyday world (which is also ours). In the everyday world, names typically have little or no meaning: ‘Alice,’ ‘Emily,’ ‘Jamal,’ ‘Christiano,’ usually do nothing other than denoting an individual. They can certainly have connotations: that’s why there are so many more people called ‘David’ (the heroic king of ancient Israel) than are called ‘Judas’ (the betrayer of Jesus). And we can sometimes infer (though not with perfect certainty) incidental acts about a person from their name: e.g. their sex, their religion (or that of their parents), or their nationality. But names usually tell us little else about their bearers. From the fact that someone is called ‘Grace,’ we can’t infer that they are graceful. Apart from the fact that most proper names are gendered, so parents don’t usually call a boy ‘Josephine’ or a girl ‘William,’ a person can be given pretty much any name from a very long list.   General terms, on the other hand, cannot be applied arbitrarily. The word ‘tree’ can’t be applied to an egg; and the word ‘egg’ can’t mean a tree. That is because words like these, unlike proper names, have a definite meaning. But in Humpty Dumpty’s world, things are the other way round. Proper names must have a meaning, while any ordinary word, as he tells Alice later, means whatever he wants it to mean–that is, he can stick them on things the way we stick names on people. Playing Language Games With Humpty Dumpty Humpty delights in riddles and games. And like many other Lewis Carroll characters, he loves to exploit the difference between the way words are conventionally understood and their literal meaning. Here are a couple of examples.                   ‘Why do you sit out here all alone?’ said Alice†¦..  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘Why, because there’s nobody with me!’ cried Humpty Dumpty.   ‘Did you think I didn’t know the answer to that?’ The joke here stems from the ambiguity of the ‘Why?’ question. Alice means ‘What causes have brought it about that you sit here alone?’ This is the normal way the question is understood. Possible answers might be that Humpty dislikes people, or that his friends and neighbors have all gone away for the day. But he takes the question in a different sense, as asking something like: under what circumstances would we say that you (or anyone) are alone? Since his answer rests on nothing more than the definition of the word ‘alone,’ it is completely uninformative, which is what makes it funny. A second example needs no analysis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘So here’s a question for you{says Humpty].   How old did you say you were?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alice made a short calculation, and said ‘Seven years and six months.’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘Wrong!’ Humpty Dumpty exclaimed triumphantly.   You never said a word like it.’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘I thought you meant â€Å"How old are you?†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Alice explained.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘If I’d meant that, I’d have said it,’ said Humpty Dumpty. How Do Words Get Their Meaning? The following exchange between Alice and Humpty Dumpty has been cited countless times by philosophers of language:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘†¦and that shows that there are three hundred and sixty-four days when you might get un-birthday presents––‘  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘Certainly,’ said Alice.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘And only one for birthday presents, you know.   There’s glory for you!’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚                  ‘I don’t know what you mean by â€Å"glory†,’ Alice said.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘Humpty Dumpty smiled contemptuously. ‘Of course you don’t–till I tell you.   I meant â€Å"there’s a nice knock-down argument for you!†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘But â€Å"glory† doesn’t mean â€Å"a nice knock-down argument†, Alice objected.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †˜When I use a word,’ Humpty Dumpty said in rather a scornful tone, ‘it means just what I choose it to mean–neither more nor less.’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘The question is,’ said Alice, ‘whether you can make words mean different things–that’s all.’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘The question is,’ said Humpty Dumpty, ‘which is to be master–that’s all’ In his Philosophical Investigations (published in 1953), Ludwig Wittgenstein argues against the idea of a â€Å"private language.† Language, he maintains, is essentially social, and words get their meanings from the way they are used by communities of language users. If he is right, and most philosophers think he is, then Humpty’s claim that he can decide for himself what words mean, is wrong. Of course, a small group of people, even just two people, could decide to give words novel meanings.   E.g. Two children could invent a code according to which â€Å"sheep† means â€Å"ice cream† and â€Å"fish† means money. But in that case, it is still possible for one of them to misuse a word and for the other speaker to point out the mistake. But if I alone decide what words mean, it becomes impossible to identify mistaken uses. This is Humpty’s situation if words simply mean whatever he wants them to mean. So Alice’s skepticism about Humpty’s ability to decide for himself what words mean is well-founded.   But Humpty’s response is interesting. He says it comes down to ‘which is to be master.’  Presumably, he means: are we to master language, or is language to master us? This is a profound and complex question. On the one hand, language is a human creation: we didn’t find it lying around, ready-made. On the other hand, each of us is born into a linguistic world and a linguistic community which, whether we like it or not, provides us with our basic conceptual categories, and shapes the way we perceive the world.  Language is certainly a tool that we use for our purposes; but it is also, to use a familiar metaphor, like a house in which we live.

Depression and Cognitive Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Depression and Cognitive Style - Essay Example During depressive periods, ruminating on a problem may assist an individual in understanding why feelings of depression exist and how difficult issues may be solved. This may be because ruminating usually involves mentally analyzing a problem to assist oneself in achieving a resolution. However ruminating may be harmful as well, as "Women ruminate more than men, and rumination is a significant predictor of future depression even after the current level of depression is taken into account (citing Nolen-Hoeksema, Larson, & Grayson, 1999; Crawford & Unger 492). As my short survey supports, women use distractions less than men when depressed, which may result in "less effective problem solving, and fewer attempts to seek help from others (citing Broderick & Korteland, 2002; Crawford & Unger 492). ... This is unfortunate because distraction activities can entail engaging in activities the affected individual may enjoy, therefore, the result may be positively rewarding and assist in relieving a depressive state. Distraction activities to relieve depression may also have a long-term negative impact in some cases, as the depressed individual may substitute drinking, or other destructive behaviors for positive activities that may aid in relieving depression. This may result in the depressive state returning as the negative behavior only acts as a short-term solution for the problem, and not a cure. Possible Connection Between Cognitive Style and the Development of Major Depression As indicated, women ruminate more than men do, and ruminating behavior is a "significant predictor" of major depression in the future (citing Nolen-Hoeksema, Larson, & Grayson, 1999; Crawford & Unger 492). A depressed mood may be extended by rumination and create cognitive biases which may create vulnerability for normal depression that may play a role in the onset of clinical depression. Relationship Between Gender-Role Socialization, Gender Expectations, and Cognitive Style Early socialization creates differences between males and females in dealing with problems, including depression. Girls are taught to consider the feelings of others during conflicts, and rumination about problems was not discouraged. Males have reported that as young boys they were ignored or punished when expressing feelings of sadness, while being told boys should not ruminate about conflicts or issues (citing Broderick & Korteland, 2002; Crawford & Unger 492). Power and status in society has a great

Organizational Structure in Coca-Cola Company Assignment

Organizational Structure in Coca-Cola Company - Assignment Example The range of resources here includes human, information, physical and financial. This paper will explore the organizational structure through a case study of Coca-Cola Company as well as endeavor to determine the extent to which the organizational structure is supportive or unsupportive of the company’s goals and suggest possible recommendations for improvement if any. The Coca-Cola Company is the largest beverage company in the world and the leading producer and maker of soft drinks. It is surely a global brand known by anyone because of its popularity through publicity and marketing. The firm in the beverages industry1 whose business idea was first conceived in downtown Atlanta on May 8, 1886, when only one product called the ‘Coca-Cola’, a mix of Coca-Cola syrup and carbonated water, existed. The price of one glass of coke back then was five cents a glass and only 9 drinks were sold per day. Today, the company is more than 126 years old with a client base around the world in more than 200 countries from just one city in one country back then. The company currently estimates the average drink sales per day at about 1.8 billion with more than 500 brands by 2011, four2 of which are the world’s top-five sparkling brands. Coca-Cola has a global presence and became a billion-dollar brand in 2010. It has sponsored world’s sporting events such as the FIFA world cup for more than 80 years. The company has undertaken many social responsibility initiatives including the Haiti Hope Project in 2010, which aimed at developing a sustainable mango industry in Haiti. The company attributes its business success to five main factors which are unique and recognized brand3, quality, marketing, global availability and ongoing innovation.